Materi Kelas XI

Pengertian Imperative

Imperative adalah verb (kata kerja) yang digunakan untuk memberikan command(perintah), warning (peringatan), advice(nasehat), instruction (instruksi/petunjuk), maupun request (permintaan). Verb ini merupakan satu dari tiga verb mood(termasuk: subjunctive dan indicative).

Aturan Penggunaan

§  Kata kerja yang digunakan merupakan bare infinitive (tanpa “to”).
Contoh: 
Go!, Be Careful!, Sit down!

§  Verb ini tidak membutuhkan penambahan subject karena subject “you” telah tersirat (elliptical construction).
Contoh:
Shut the window!

§  Kata kerja dapat dibuat lebih sopan dengan menambahkan kata “do” di depan verb.
Contoh:
Do open the door

§  Bentuk negatif didapat dengan menambahkan “don’t” atau “do not” di depan verb.
Contoh:
Do not step on the grass. Don’t be careless.

§  Jika pembicara ikut serta dalam tindakan yang diajukan di dalam kalimat, tambahkan “let’s” atau “let us” maupun bentuk negatifnya, “let’s not” di depan verb.
Contoh:
Let’s go to the wedding ceremony. Let’s not complain anymore.

Fungsi dan Contoh Imperative

Beberapa contoh imperative dengan fungsi-fungsinya adalah sebagai berikut.

Fungsi	Keterangan	Contoh Imperative
Imperative digunakan untuk memberikan direct order/command (perintah langsung)	Perintah biasanya diberikan oleh orang yang memiliki authority(kewenangan) atau kepada anak-anak maupun binatang. Jikaimperative di dalam kalimat, Intonasi menurun pada akhir kalimat.	Wake up now! (Bangun sekarang!)
		Get out! (Keluar!)
Imperative digunakan untuk memberikanwarning/prohibition(peringatan)	Biasanya untuk memperingatkan seseorang akan bahaya. Intonasi meninggi pada kata terakhir.	Watch out! (Awas!)
		Don’t touch me! (Jangan sentuh saya!)
Imperative digunakan untuk memberikan advice (nasehat)	Kalimat diucapkan dengan intonasi normal.	Don’t be panic. (Jangan panik.)
		Do not eat too much. (Jangan makan terlalu banyak.)
Imperative digunakan untuk memberikaninstruction(instruksi/petunjuk)	-	Go straight ahead then turn left. (Jalan lurus ke depan lalu belok kiri.)
		Take the pill after a meal. (Minum pil setelah makan.)
Imperative digunakan untuk mengajukanrequest(permintaan/permohonan)	Untuk mengajukan request, dapat digunakan kata “please” untuk membuat kata kerja ini menjadi lebih sopan.	Please don’t go. (Tolong jangan pergi.)
		Please reconsider. (Tolong pertimbangkan kembali.)
		Let me alone, please. (Biarkan saya sendiri.)
		Polite request: §  Would you like to give me some food, please? §  Could you please stay here? §  Will you invite him, please?

Materi kelas XI

Causative Verb - get / have / let / make 

Causative verb menunjukkan bahwa seseorang/sesuatu secara tidak langsung bertanggung jawab terhadap sebuah tindakan. Subjek tidak melakukan tindakan itu sendiri, tetapi justru menyebabkan seseorang/sesuatu yang lain melakukannya. Contoh:

- Yesterday I had my hair cut.

Pembicara pada kalimat diatas tidak memotong sendiri rambutnya, tetapi justru membuat orang lain melakukannya - Saya “menyebabkan” mereka memotong rambut saya.

Have

Have merupakan causative verb yang umum. Ketimbang melakukan sesuatu dengan diri kita sendiri, kita “menyuruh” orang yang lain untuk melakukannya. Bentuknya sebagai berikut:

Kata kerja “to have” + objek + past participle (verb 3). Contoh:

- I had my jacket cleaned yesterday.
- Did you have your computer fixed?

Terkadang kita menggunakan have sebagai causative verb ketika kita ingin melakukan tindakan oleh diri kita sendiri. Contoh:

- When will the report be ready? I’ll do it by tomorrow morning. >>
- When will the report be ready? I’ll have it done by tomorrow morning.

Dengan menggunakan causative, kalimat ke-dua diatas mengalihkan perhatian dari pelaku tindakan, dan lebih memberikan perhatian kepada tindakan yang sedang dilakukan. Ini kedengaran sopan dan profesional.

Get

Get sering digunakan ketimbang have. Contoh:

·         I got my computer fixed - I had my computer fixed. Kedua kalimat ini maknanya sama.

·         I got my jacket cleaned. - I had my jacket cleaned. Kedua kalimat ini maknanya sama.

Causative verbs sering digunakan bersama dengan pengalaman-pengalaman negatif. Pada situasi-situasi ini lebih umum menggunakan have. Contoh:

·         I had my wallet stolen. (Saya sebenarnya tidak menyebabkan dompet saya dicuri - seseorang mencuri dompet saya dariku)

·         She had her window smashed.

Let

Let digunakan untuk membolehkan seseorang melakukan sesuatu. Bentuknya adalah let + orang + verb. Contoh:

·         John let me drive his new car.

·         Will your parents let you go to the party?

·         I don’t know if my boss will let me take the day off.

Make

Make digunakan untuk memaksa seseorang melakukan sesuatu. Bentuknya adalah make + orang + verb. Contoh:

·         My teacher made me apologize for what I had said.

·         Did somebody make you wear that ugly hat?

·         She made her children do their homework.

Materi kelas XI

Expressions to sound Persuasive and Convincing

     Most people’s jobs require them to influence other people a lot of the time. This could include convincing your boss you deserve a raise, inspiring your team to finish a project, cajoling a colleague to do a presentation for you, getting someone to see your point of view in order to have their support at a meeting.

     Influencing can also involve persuading other people to be your champions so they will, in turn, be able to provide access to areas you don’t have any direct route to now. We call this ‘expanding your spheres of influence’, and it can be the key to making your presence felt without appearing out of line.

You may try to exert your influence through coercion and manipulations. You might even succeed in getting things done, but that isn’t really influencing; that’s forcing people to do what you want, often against their will. You won’t have succeeded in winning support.

     Real influencing skills are far subtler and fairer than that: They require good interpersonal and communication skills and an ability to get other people want to support you.

An interesting point about people, who use their influencing skills well, is that other people like being around them. There’s a kind of exciting buzz, or sense that things happen when they’re about.

Why is that? Well, think about it for a second or two: they don’t sit around wishing things were different while moaning there’s nothing they can do about it. They also don’t sit around blaming others or complaining about what needs fixing that will make things better. They fix stuff.

      And sometimes the most influential person in a company isn’t the one at the top – it’s the one who knows how to get to the one at the top.

     Being persuasive is a matter of the way that you say it. It could mean intonation; it could mean selecting a phrase that is appropriate to the context, or to the person concerned. You can improve your skills of persuasion.

 A

Trying to persuade

 Are you sure you ought to make that complaint?

You really should invite your boss, you know.

That’s quite a good idea, you know.

He’s an excellent Teacher, actually.

Don’t be silly John, it’s not that expensive.

Don’t forget that he’s your uncle.

What about your friends?

What about the time and energy you’ve already invested, then?

Don’t you think you should do something for your institute?

I could do with your support, you know.

I can assure you of my full support.

B.

Trying to convince

I can guarantee…

I tell you, it’s a fact.

I tell you, it’s true.

I tell you, it’s certain.

I am absolutely certain.

I saw him just now, really.

I saw it with my own eyes.

I saw it myself.

I can assure you…

It’s quite true.

It must be true.

It’s quite true.

It’s here in black and white.

It’s crystal clear…

Yes, really. It’s quite true.

Don’t you feel that he could have been mistaken?

You see, the training there is excellent.

But can’t you see that he’s interested in the idea?

That’s all I know, honestly.

But you must admit that he did all he could.

But surely you must agree that this is an extraordinary case.

He’s honest, I can assure you.

It’s here in writing.

Isn’t it possible that he doesn’t know anything about it?

Look, I saw it myself.

Honestly, it’s quite true.

I can guarantee that you’ll get a promotion soon.

But don’t you agree that he was not in station at that time?

This is the best quality we can get – there’s no doubt about it.

           

C.

Insisting on or on doing

I insist on a written report from him.

I insist you do it.

I’m afraid you’ll have to do it.

I want to know when you’ll do it.

I don’t mind waiting. It’s very important.

I won’t go until you give me a full refund.

I’m not laving until I know. I’m sorry. I can’t accept that.

You must go and meet the Director.

You simply must do it.

You really must help him.

You will come before five in the evening – I insist.

You’ll have to finish it by tomorrow.

You must stay for dinner.

You must stay for lunch, I insist.

Do stay for tea.

It’s essential that you meet him.

If you can’t help me, I’d like to see your boss.

Materi Kelas XI

Expressing Necessity and Obligation

Sample sentences from the article:
Each of us has to finish two thick books….
…he was expected to complete…

Have to / Has to / Had to
Be expected to

These words express necessity or obligation. They usually indicate that someone else has imposed conditions on us. For example:

     I have to take out the garbage. (It’s something I must do now. My mother told me to do it.)
     I am expected to take out the garbage. (It’s a regular responsibility, a daily chore that my parents have        given me.)

A related expression is be supposed to.

     I am supposed to clean my room. (I’m required to do it.)

In the negative, these expressions have different meanings. For example:

     I don’t have to go to the dance this weekend. (There is no obligation. I can choose to go or not.)
     I’m not expected to go to the dance this weekend. (There is no expectation. People will be surprised if I      do go.)
     I’m not supposed to go to the dance this weekend. (I’m prohibited from going. It would probably be            rude for me to go.)

Note:

Must is often used to indicate 'personal' obligation, what you think yourself or other people/things must do. The obligation comes from outside (a rule or law).
Have to or need to are often used to indicate necessity (but not always).   It means doesn't come from a rule or law.
Here are the expressions to show necessity and obligation :

 - It is necessary for you to be here on time.

 - You must finish your reports before the boss ask you.

 - We don't need to come to the party, I think.
 - You have to submit the report by June 2 nd
 - We must be here before the teacher comes

 - The school must provide more sports facilities. 

 - You have to clean the keyboard regularly.
 - I really must get some exercise.  
 - People must try to be more tolerant of each other.
 - If you own a car, you have to pay an annual road tax.